（）控制器的输出与输入误差信号的积分成正比关系。

单项选择题Total surplus is represented by the area A、under the demand curve and above the price. B、above the supply curve and up to the price. C、under the supply curve and up to the price. D、between the demand and supply curves up to the point of equilibrium.

单项选择题（）控制器的输出与输入误差信号的微分（即误差的变化率）成正比关系。