An investor currently has a portfolio valued at $700,000. The investor’s objective is long-term growth, but the investor will need $30,000 by the end of the year to pay her son’s college tuition and another $10,000 by year-end for her annual vacation. The investor is considering four alternative portfolios:
Portfolio Expected Return Standard Deviation of Returns
1.8% 10%
2.10% 13%
3.14% 22%
4.18% 35%
Using Roy’s safety-first criterion, which of the alternative portfolios minimizes the probability that the investor’s portfolio will have a value lower than $700,000 at year-end ()