单项选择题

Any announcement authorized by the head of the department is important. However, announcements are sometimes issued, without authorization, by people other than the head of the department, so some announcements will inevitably turn out not to be important.
The reasoning is flawed because the argument

A．does not specify exactly which communications are to be classified as announcements.
B．overlooks the possibility that people other than the head of the department have the authority to authorize announcements.
C．leaves open the possibility that the head of the department never, in fact, authorizes any announcements.
D．assumes without warrant that just because satisfying a given condition is enough to ensure an announcement’s importance, satisfying that condition is necessary for its importance.
E． fails to distinguish between the importance of the position someone holds and the importance of what that person may actually be announcing on a particular occasion.

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单项选择题Soft Drink Manufacturer: Our new children’s soft drink, RipeCal, is fortified with calcium. Since calcium is essential for developing healthy bones, drinking RipeCal regularly will help make children healthy. Consumer Advocate: But RipeCal also contains large amounts of sugar, and regularly consuming large amounts of sugar is unhealthful, especially for children. In responding to the soft drink manufacturer, the consumer advocate does which of the following

A．Challenges the manufacturer’s claim about the nutritional value of calcium in children’s diets.
B．Argues that the evidence cited by the manufacturer, when properly considered, leads to a conclusion opposite to that reached by the manufacturer.
C．Implies that the manufacturer of a product is typically unconcerned with the nutritional value of that product.
D．Questions whether a substance that is healthful when eaten in moderation can be unhealthful when eaten in excessive amounts.
E． Presents additional facts that call into question the conclusion drawn by the manufacturer.

单项选择题Jane: According to an article in this newsmagazine, children hand-eye coordination suffers when they spend a great amount of time watching television. Therefore, we must restrict the amount of time Jacqueline and Mildred are allowed to watch television. Alan: Rubbish! The article says that only children under three are affected in that way. Jacqueline is ten and Mildred is eight. Therefore, we need not restrict their television viewing. Alan’s argument against Jane’s conclusion makes which one of the following errors in reasoning

A．It relies on the same source that Jane cited in support of her conclusion.
B．It confuses undermining an argument in support of a given conclusion with showing that the conclusion itself is false.
C．It does not address the main point of Jane’s argument and focuses instead on a side issue.
D．It makes an irrelevant appeal to an authority.
E． It fails to distinguish the consequences of a certain practice from the causes of the practice.